Climbed the pyramid, towards the global market

Many frightened national companies faced his rivals from the multinational company. This fear indeed had a basis. Multinational companies often came with the strategy that has been sharpened belasan or dozens of years, the good reputation that was difficult to be conquered, and human resources and the company's system trapped the world. This fear was quite necessary to maintain vigilance, but this fear might not be abundant also. Is it true that, these multinational giants had almost all the resources that were craved by the local company. However often they could not use their superiority maximally in the environment of developing countries.
Mentioned logistic efficiency. In developing countries like Indonesia that his traffic was not still making sense with the infrastructure that often under the standard, the system of logistic information that could predict the arrival of the consignment could not be in the calculation of the minute applied here. This not yet including the condition for the hinterland and the Indonesian island. The Indonesian market that was heterogeneous also caused difficulties for the market research method that was sharpened for developed countries. The number of the inhabitants's numbers lacked and was educated low made the message of the marketing must be adapted in accordance with the level of their education. In this context, the local players often has gotten this knowledge in a tacit manner, while the multinational players needed time to change the strategy and their paradigm. The player's local surplus and the lack of this multinational company ought to be utilised maximally by domestic companies.
The local companies necessarily also could make use of the distribution of the developing country market was based on results of the Tarun Khanna research and Krishna G. Palepu (both of them from Harvard Business School). According to them, the developing country market consisted of 4 stages: global, glocal, local, and bottom. The four layers of this market formed a pyramid with the global layer that had the number of consumers least located above and the layer bottom with the number of biggest consumers occupied the position was supervised.
The consumer who occupied the global market wanted the product with the attribute and the quality that were the same as the consumers in developed countries. They prepared paid more for these products. They were the buyers of high-quality things like the bag of Louis Vuitton or the Rolex watch that was original. Under the global market, we found the market glocal. Occupants of this market were still needing quality things high, but their willingness spent money a little lower compared to the consumer in the global level. They were the consumers who liked to spend the night in five-star hotels while carried notebook and the newest model mobile phone. After that, we found the occupants of the layer local that has been satisfied enough with local products with the price to be cheaper. And in the part was lowest, in bottom of the pyramid, was gotten by the consumer's class that only could buy cheapest products in the number as minimally as possible.
In the global segment, the multinational company indeed dominated. Rarely had the local company that could compete with them. In the meantime, the local companies most competed interpersonal they themselves in the level local. The two layers, global and local, created two Medan the different competition. For example for the drink industry of the package mineral water, Evian was competing with Perrier and Dasani in the global segment, while Aqua fought with Ades and The Total in the segment local.
How with in the layer glocal? Evidently, here the battle was most violent often happened. The multinational company that saw the small size of the number of occupants of the global segment, wanted did not want must cover down (but was not too low to protect brand positioning him). In the meantime, the local players who wanted to grow be forced glance at above so that could sell with the margin of the higher profit. The company's two kinds, without could be avoided again, met in the segment glocal. Whoever won? Of course his answer depended in how far this company could make use of competitive advantage him well relative against their competitors. Here, the good strategy and the innovation continually held the key.
In the middle he yelled the struggle for the market in the global level, glocal, and local, many companies that forgot the segment bottom. In fact like that had been discussed in several other articles in blog this (for example: served Piramida Terbawah and Pasien Time Terbang developed countries to Asia), in this market, the competition relatively light and promising the big potential for them who succeeded in working on him. Only, to serve this segment, the company must change the method thought and their approaches radically.
Local companies, therefore, in fact might not be frightened of competing with multinational companies. That most important was to choose Medan the competition and the strategy competed that was true. Of course, immediately should not compete in the market glocal and particularly global when your company was not yet strong in the layer local. (the certain Exception could be given for the local company that was enough the self-confidence to immediately playing in the stage glocal like J.Co or Excelso. ) got up your strength and made use of your knowledge would the local context to control the segment local and bottom before. After reaping the success there, just the segment lyrics glocal and began to be constructive the strength that was bigger for example by recruiting the graduate of the best tertiary institution and getting international certification like ISO. after that, you began to glance at the global market. However sebisa possibly, was expanding before to other developing countries before cleared to developed countries that demanded the quality of the product and the reputation of the higher make. Equally his matter with the mountain climbers, for the success
Companies from the developing country like Haier, Huawei, Lenovo, Wahaha Group (China); Infosys, Tata Group, Wipro (India); AmBev (Brazil), SABMiller (South Africa), Jollibee Foods (the Philippines), or S.A.C.I Falabella (Cile) was several examples of the company of the developing country that finally had succeeded in becoming the global player by undertaking the true climbing strategy. They could, your company definitely could Be also.

Epistemologis problems in sciences that studied the human Action

1. Praksiologi and the History
There was two main branches of science concerning the human action: praksiologi and the history. The history was the collection and the systematic composition of all the experience datas concerning the human action. The history did business with the concrete content of the human action. This knowledge studied human efforts in all multiplisitas and his variation that was unlimited, as well as the individual action with all of his implications, both that his characteristics by chance, especially and typical. The history researched ideas that guided humankind in carrying out the action as well as results of the action that was carried out. He covered all the aspects of the human activity. In one-sided he possibly took the form of the history of the public and on the other side took the form of the history from various more crowded fields. There is, for example, the history about the political action and the military, about ideas and philosophy, about the economic activity, about technology, about literature, art and knowledge pengetahun, about the religion, about the customs and traditions and the habit, and about many others in the aim of the life of humankind. There were ethnology and anthropology, to the best of was not regarded part of the biology, and had also psychology, to the best of
The study field of all historic science was the past. All this knowledge could not teach us anything that could be it was considered valid concerning the human action; including also for the interests of the future. The study of the history [could] made humankind become wise and be on the alert, but through himself the history did not offer knowledge or skills anything to handle concrete works.
Nature sciences also did business with the past incident. Each experience was the upper experience something that has passed by; did not have the experience of the incident in the future. However, that made knowledge natural received the success was the experience from the experiment where elements of the change could be observed in the isolation. Facts that were gathered in this method afterwards could be utilised to [the process] the induction, the typical inference procedure that gave pragmatic proof about the practicability of nature science, despite the characterisation epistemologis him still became the problem that was not yet solved.
The experience that must be involved in by sciences that studied the human action always took the form of the phenomenon of the complex. The trial of the laboratory did not enable the research into the human action. We had not been in one position that enabled us to observe the change that happened in one element, while the other condition from the incident that was researched it was considered did not change. The historic experience as an experience of the phenomenon that komples did not give us facts in the understanding that was used in nature science in order to marks incidents that had been isolated and tested in the trial. Information through the historic experience could not be made the base to develop the theory and predict the future incident. Each historic experience was open for various interpretations and in fact indeed could be interpreted in various methods.
That was the reason why postulates that were produced by positivism and several metaphysical currents were the illusion that deceived. Sciences about the human action of being not possible to be reformed according to patterns of physics or other nature knowledge. Was not gotten by the method of developing a theory that a posteriori about the behaviour of humankind and the social incident. The history could prove or deny a public statement by means of that was applied in nature sciences when supporting or refusing the hypothesis on the basis of the testing of the laboratory. Towards the public's proposition concerning the human action, the verification or sanggahan was based on the laboratory test was not possible to be carried out.
The phenomenon of the complex, that was formed on the chain linkage of cause and effect, could not test the theory anything. Just the reverse, the phenomenon of the complex could be only understood through the interpretation was based on the understanding of other theories that were developed beforehand from other sources. In the matter of the natural phenomenon, the interpretation must not towards the incident be compatible with the theory that has been tested satisfactorily through the experiment. In the matter of the historic incident was not known by the limitation that like that. The commentators could took shelter behind the arbitrary explanation. When must explain something, thoughts of humankind had not lost the power to create the theory ad hoc the invention, despite his logical justification was not available.
In the history field of humankind, the limitations like that was experienced by theories (that was tested through the experiment) in an effort to him to interpret and explain physics incidents, chemical, and physiological, also was given by praksiologi. Praksiologi was theoretical and systematic science, but non-historic. The scope praksiologi was the human action personally, without gazing at the environmental situation or factors by chance and individual from concrete actions. His cognition pure was formal and the public, without referring in the material content and the special characteristics of the example of the actual case. His aim was knowledge that was valid for each situation where his condition berkorespondensi exactly with matters that terimplikasi in assumptions and inferences. All the statements and the proposition in praksiologi was not dropped off from the experience. The statement and the proposition in praksiologi, as in the case of in logic and mathematics, was a priori. The statement and his proposition not the subject to be proven or contradicted on the basis of the experience and the fact. He logically and temporally was preceded (antecedent) each understanding of historic facts. The statement
2. The Formal character and Aprioristik from Praksiologi
One of the stylish trends in philosophy today is to take the form of the denial towards the existence of knowledge that his characteristics a priori. His argumentation: all human knowledge was received from the experience. The attitude was like this was able easily to be understood as the reaction that was abundant against ekstravaganza theology and philosophy-fake towards the history and nature knowledge. By relying on intuition, metafisikawan was enthusiastic to find principles of the foundation or moral teachings, the meaning of the historic evolution, the characteristics of the spirit and the substance, and laws that arranged incidents fisikawi, chemical, and physiological. Their speculation that kept changing was realised in keluputan reckless they would the meaning of knowledge that actually. They believe in that, without referring to the experience, the mind could explain all the matters and answered all the questions. The success of modern nature sciences was located in the observation method and their trial. There were no doubt that empiricism and the pragmatism were true how far they depicted procedures that were used in nature science. However one matter that did not lose definitely him was that they were very wrong when refusing all the kinds
In the matter praksiologi, the error of these philosophers was caused by their ignorance completely towards economic knowledge and often because of their knowledge would the history, and this really startling, did not satisfy. In the eyes of these philosophers these philosophical rumours must be treated by a profession that subklim and great, and might not be given in the low-level work kind. The professor will feel angry would the fact that his production was produced by means of berfilosofi; he will be touched on with thinking that he looked for money like the artisan and the worker in the field. Monetary problems were regarded as the bad matter, and the philosopher that carried out investigation towards main problems about the truth and the values eternal not necessarily contaminated thoughts by paying attention to problems of economic knowledge.
The problem had or not elements of thoughts that apriori-like conditions for the intellectual who was needed and unavoidable to think, that was anterior towards each kind of actual torque conception and pengalaman–tidak could be mixt-adukkan with the genetic problem around the human method of receiving his mental capacity that was typical and humane. Humankind was dropped off from the ancestors of non-humankind who did not have this capacity. The ancestors of humankind was granted potentiality that for centuries the evolution trip changed him into the creature that berakal. The achievement of this transformation was influenced by the change in the environment kosmik that operated continually from one generation to the further generation. So the empirical group concluded that the fundamental principle of the genius was results of the experience and merepresentasikan the adaptation of humankind to the condition for his environment.
If being investigated consistently, this idea furthermore brought in the conclusion that, since the ancestors's period prehumankind through to the homosexual period sapiens, was gotten by various transitional stages. In the past had the creature that, although being not supplied with the capacity of the human mind, had elements of the foundation rasionisasi. Their thoughts were not yet logical, melainkam still pre-logical (or logical but more imperfect). Their logical functions that were still not focussed and not yet effective was evolving a step for the sake of a step from the situation prelogical headed the logical situation. The intellect, intellect, and logic were the historic phenomenon. There was the history of logic; had also the history of technology. There were no signs that said that logic as that was known by us at this time was the last stage or the final in the evolution of the intellectual. Human logic was the historic phase between non-logical prehumankind on one hand as well as logical and super-humankind on the other side. The intellect and thoughts, the most effective implement that was owned by the human creature in the struggle in order to continuation of his life, was soldered in the continuous current from incidents zoologis.
Further, was not made hesitate that each kind of humankind in the process of his personal evolution experienced repeatedly not only the physiological metamorphosis from the simple cell became the very complicated mammalian organism, but also the spiritual metamorphosis, from the pure existence vegetatif and animal, became the creature berakal. This transformation was not finished in the prenatal period the embryo, but only in the future when the baby that just-be born a step for the sake of a step was awakened in the humane awareness. Each kind of humankind in the beginning of his existence, beginning with the depth of darkness, developed through various related situations the logical structure of his thoughts.
Afterwards, there was also the case about the animal. We fully realised the existence of the chasm that not-was crossed, that separated our mind from the reactive process of the brain and nerves to the animal. However, at the same time we suspected that fighting urgings great in himself the animal headed the understanding light. The restless animal of the resistance simile made an effort to run away from his fate that was unclear eternal and from otomatisme that was unavoidable. We could be sympathetic to him because we ourselves was in the similar position: in the futility opposed the limitations of our intellectual's device, and in looking for cognition perfection that could not be achieved.
However, the problem about something that a priori had the other character. He did not do business with the problem how the origin and the mind of the awareness emergence. He referred in the essential character and must be for the logical structure of thoughts of humankind. Fundamental logical relations not something that must be proven or denied. Each effort to prove these logical relations certainly mem-prasuposisi-would his validity. These logical relations were not possible to be explained to the creature who did not have these relations for himself. Efforts to define logical relations were based on the definition rule must experience the failure. They were poposisi-proposition that his characteristics preceded each nominal definition or the real definition. They were the category of the end that could not be analysed further. Thoughts of humankind could not imagine logical categories that were compatible with them. Without caring how these logical relations in the future were concrete for the creature who was named super-humankind, they continued to be able to not be passed through by humankind, and to absolutely be needed. They were prerequisites that were not released for the perception, and for the experience.
They, not not all that, was the prerequisite that was not separated for the memory. There was the trend in nature knowledge to depict the memory as one instance fenomenon that was more just general. Each living organism kept effects from previous stimulasion, and the now situation from the substance inorganik was formed by effects from all the influences that exposed him in the past. The situation of the now universal was the product from his past. Therefore, we could say, in the lax metaphorical understanding, that the geological structure of our world ball kept the upper memory of all the previous cosmic changes, and that the body of a humankind was the sedimentation from his ancestors, as well as fate and his change personally. However, the memory was something that completely was different from facts concerning structural unity and continuation of the cosmic evolution. The memory was the phenomenon of the awareness and therefore was arranged by some that in an apriori manner, logical. The psychologists were still being covered the puzzle around the reality that humankind did not remember anything about his existence period previously as the embryo and
Humankind not an animal that submitted totally to stimuli that not-was avoided that determined his life situation. He also the creature acted. And the category of the action of being antecedent logical for each concrete action.
Anyone in the behaviour his days still and still become the upper witness ketidakberubahan and the universality from categories of thoughts and the action. He that greeted his peer, who wanted to give information and to convince the other person, who asked and answered his peer's question, to be able to continue to do these matters only because he could make a plea to something that together was gotten to all the logical structures of the human mind. The idea that A simultaneously also took the form of you, or preference would A compared with B simultaneously also meant preference would B compared with A, was statement-peryataan that could not be received and difficult (absurd) for thoughts of humankind. We was not in the position to understand logical thinking or enraged-logical. We could not imagine a world without causality and teleogi.
Not the problem for humankind whether apart from the scope that was covered by thoughts of humankind had or not something that categorically was different from thoughts and the human action. From this part did not have knowledge that penetrated thoughts of humankind. No use questioned whether a-in-himself (things-in-themselves) that was different from what apparently for us, and whether having the other worlds that could not be found by us and ideas that could not be understood by us. Problems were like this apart from the scope of human cognition. Human knowledge terkondisi by the structure of his thoughts personally. If this knowledge chose the human action as the centre of his study, then that was meant actually was categories of the action that his characteristics were appropriate for thoughts of humankind and that was the projection of human knowledge against the external world from process-to and the change. All teorema praksiologi referred in categories of the action only was valid in the orbit of their operation. They not pretensious will send information about the world and the relations that were unimaginable. Therefore, praksiologi was humane in the dual understanding. He was humane
Around charges about Logis Manusia Primitif Heterogeneity There was confusion thought where articles of Lucien Levy-Bruhl were generally trusted as the support for the doctrine that said that the logical structure manusa primitive that was different categorically from the structure of civilised humankind. Just the reverse, what Levy-Bruhl reported, on the basis of the thorough research into all the ethnological material available concerning mental functions of primitive humankind proved clearly that logical-fundamental relations as well as categories of thoughts and the action evidently played the role that was equally good in the activity of illegal humankind of the intellectual and in the activity of the intellectual who was done in our life period. The content of thoughts of primitive humankind quite different from the content of our thoughts, but his formal and logical structure same for both of them.
Is it true that that Levy-Bruhl personally firm believe that the primitive human mentality basically was “mistik and prelogis”; the collective representation of property of primitive humankind was arranged by the participation law and as a result did not heed the contradiction law. Nevertheless, the separation that was carried out by Levy-Bruhl between logical and logical thoughts referred to the contents and not the form or the categorical structure of thoughts. Because of him said distinctly that between people like us ourselves, the idea and relations between-idea that was arranged by “hukum partisipasi” also was available, good that was more independent or was the reverse, not not all that and not more the weakness, but continued to be able to not be eliminated, bersandingan with ideas that submitted to the genius's laws. Ideas that “pra-logical and mystical berkoeksistensi with that logis”.
Levy-Bruhl turned the core of the Kristiani teaching to ranah logical thoughts. Currently, a large number of objections possibly could and was appointed to oppose Kristiani doctrines as well as his interpretation through theology. However no-one had tried to speculate by saying that the Christian clergymen and philosopher-among them Saint Agustin and Saint Thomas-had thoughts that his logical structure was different categorically from sesame they in our time. The dispute between people who trusted the miracle and that not, referred in the content of his thoughts, not in strktur logical him. Someone who tried to demonstrate the possibility and the reality about keajabiban possibly wrong. However, to reveal his error logically-as was pointed out in Hume essays and Mill-definitely not not all that the difficulty than membuktian the error thought in philosophy knowledge or economics.
According to the report on several explorers and the missionary in Africa and Polynesia, primitive humankind stopped in the perception being earliest they against objects and had not thought that he could avoid this matter by other means. The European educators and America reported the similar matter about their students. In connection with him with Mossi people in the Nigerian river, Levy-Bruhl quoted observation of a missionary: “Percakapan with them only revolved about the problem of the woman, the woman, food and (in the rain season) the yield. ” Subyek what next that more had an interest taken in him by the colleagues and the neighbour Newton, Kant and Levy-Bruhl this?
The best conclusion that must be reaped from studies of Levy-Bruhl precisely came from said-he said personally: primitive thoughts, as in the case of our thoughts, equally restless him in looking for the reason behind the incident; only he did not look for him in the direction of that was the same as our direction.
A farmer who craved the abundant yield possibly will choose various method-in accordance with the contents of his idea. He possibly would melaksakan ritual magical; began him by means of berjiarah; lighted the candle for his protective saint; or possibly used fertiliser more or the better kind. Anything that the implementation, this matter always took the form of the action, that is the utilisation of a method of achieving an aim. Witchcraft in the meaning of the width was a kind of technology. Eksorsisme was the deliberate action on the basis of the view of the world that by most of our colleagues would dihujat as something that superstition and therefore did not deserve to be carried out. However the concept of the action did not implicate that this action was led by the true theory and promising technology the success and that this matter will achieve his aim. He only implicated the perpetrators of this action of believing that the method that was followed will produce the effect that was wanted.
Facts that were received by ethnology and the history not there are those that was compatible with the statement that the logical structure of thoughts of the humankind the uniform, was freed whether the ethnic group, the age, and his country.

Etnografi

A girl entered the bar and said in bartender, I in the Coke Diet love. Please I should be not disturbed because I wanted to observe guys who were drinking beer in the corner there not, this not the beginning sentence of a joke. When you were bartender this, that was dealt with by you the possibility was a person etnografer that was employed by the company.
Came from anthropology, ethnography was the research method that used direct observation towards the human activity in the social context and the everyday culture. Ethnography tried to know any strength that made humankind do something. For reasons of that, this ethnography method began to be glanced at the world of the business to help revealed the consumer's deepest wish that often could not be obtained from the other consumer research method like the survey or focus group. Ethnography gave the world of the implement business to see in the development of the culture that was in at this time, or lifestyle factors that influenced the decision of the consumer in interacting with products like beer, toothpaste, the insurance, until the house. Etnografer this will be interested when seeing someone who said liked healthy food, but ordered secangkir ice blended coffee with cream was abundant, for example. Like the statement of Eric Arnould, the Marketing professor from University of Nebraska, “Ethnography Is a way to get up close and personal with consumers.
Related about the research in the bar in the opener paragraph above, for example, had been undergone by the team from Ogilvy & Mather, one of the biggest advertising companies in the world. Ogilvy assigned several teams to visit bars in the US and witnessed from close to the beer drinkers. They recorded what was seen by him to comprehend torques that could say whether actual was carried out by the consumer against his product. Compared this with the survey method or focus group that only asked about what was thought about by the consumer. (What that was thought about and said often was not the same as what was done, now to the company, that important was what really was done by the consumer. )
For example from the real world, Whirlpool had used etnografer to carry out the study against the user of the luxurious bath. They carried out the study against 15 families by holding the interview and recording the activity bathed (don't have dirty ideas previously, the participants wore the swimsuit for this study). They also put forward the question like, When Anda thought about the bath, the picture what emerged in your thoughts? After that, they were asked to look for pictures from the magazine that in accordance with this feeling. The theme that emerged from this study was the consumer often saw the experience of bathing in the basin as the transformation. From this study, the luxurious bath the Whirlpool production was given by the name “Cielo” that meant heaven in the Italia language.
Or returned to this bar. The team from Ogilvy will record how the man's groups interacted. It was as close that they stood to one another? How did they give greetings? Whoever gave greetings before? How the pattern of conversation that happened? How their body language? Had the hierarchy in this group, and when being available, how his pattern? When having the conflict, how did they complete him?
When returning to the office, this team will analyse all the recorders of the video from bars that were visited. There, they will look for the difference between the beer drinker and the different make. For example in this case, the team from Ogilvy succeeded in getting the difference between the Miller Lite beer drinker and his competitor of Bud Lite. Miller was more liked to be drunk in the group, sementar Bud was more liked when being drunk was alone. The drinkers Miller also more expressive, while the drinkers Bud more liked to show off. Had a supply of these field knowledges, the concept of the advertisement or positioning the exact product could be built.
In the world of technology, Intelligence was one of the companies that for a long time has attracted the benefit from ethnography to launch the new innovation. For example when this company sent a person etnografer to visit villages in India for two years, etnografer this saw that many warnet-warnet that was established in villages. However, electricity often went out (sometimes until for days) and went out the village still many that were not yet asphalted. Had a supply of these knowledges, Intelligence launched Indian Community PC, a computer with the dust filter, could remain in the high temperature, and could be undertaken with the big battery to be sold to warnet-warnet in Indian rural areas.
Hewlett Packard (the MOBILE PHONE) also did not want to miss the train. When they carried out the study in offices in England, they saw the existence of the pattern of communication in the workplace in England. They often communicated while discussing documents. The MOBILE PHONE realised when they could create the implement that could facilitate communication that involved the document, this implement will be very beneficial. They then developed DeskSlate, the implement that could be connected to the telephone channel and helped the user to see the electronics document while speaking through the telephone.
However ethnography certainly not the nostrum for the company that wanted to understand his consumer more in. Apart from his cost that was relatively high, still few experts who really could carry him out well. Time that was needed for this method was also relative longer. Other research methods like focus group continued to be needed to memverifikasi repeated the findings etnografer.
For the anthropologists in Indonesia that uptil now rarely canned be heard he said, it is hoped this development could be made use of also. Now for you who were other: When Anda was sitting-sat in the pub or cafe, and saw a band of the opponent of your kind that was seeing you fully the interest, don't feel proud first. Possibly you were made the research material.

modernitas

It was post-Cold War, various discourse speculations tried to catch various social problem roots that will emerge. Huntington, stubbornly, offered civilisation's paradigm in an effort to analyse the root of the world conflict. As the response to the Fukuyama thesis, that the history ended, Samuel Huntington believed that humans in the future as hard as possible will defend the existence of his culture. [1]
Indeed could not be denied, that various conflicts that have emerged in recent times originated in the difference of individuals's conviction in certain civilisation. And that the terrorism discourse started from this assumption. But, bring up and dramatised the problem of civilisation not significant resolved or analysed various social problems, but will increasingly obscure the meaning from the task of the intellectual in striving for the social change.
Instead of fought for oppressed individual independence, the intellectual's modern discourses in fact increasingly pushed the authority to disarm and rape the freedom of individuals through new symbols. On behalf of the religion, the country, the race, the nation and the ideology in fact through democratic jargon and human rights, the modern discourse motivators forgot the task of the intellectuals as the liberation agency.
The beginning of the beginning of this nervousness, especially, began with the view shackle of universalism as well as collectivism in considering the problem as social. We almost had not questioned, has the philosophical paradigm exact that has we with now?
The Modern paradigm: Universalism and Collectivism
In recent times sprang up various views epistemologis, good positivism, phenomenology, structuralism, hermeneutika, historic materialism and and up to postmodernism. All the currents epistemologis this grew fertile with various followers. For the young, various alternatives to this choice became “The solution” for the search for the intellectual that would not kunjung ended. On the hands of the young intellectuals, in the future, various scientific paradigms will grow and spread the area as the modern paradigm.
What was the function of various paradigms? It was clear, the paradigm simply was our spectacles in an effort to gaze at the world. A paradigm was the implement for the intellectuals to read all the scientific problems as well as humanity. The paradigm gave the foundation of the view, the assumption, the procedure as well as the criterion concerning how the scientific truth ought to be gained.
Strengthened the concept of the Individual and the Action in Kolektif Unity
Once more must be remembered, in the study of our social sciences discussed humankind as well as the community. What was ignored by the modern paradigm was that himself forgot the actual individual formed collective that was acknowledged as the family, the community, the country, the nation and even civilisation. The modern paradigm speculated concerning matters that were universal. They forgot the important meaning of the individual action. If being paid close attention to, the case of the discourse that was brought forward by Huntington as well as other social discourses, was still being shackled by the universalism discourse with analysis means of the historic argumentation. As if what happened in the past will happen in the future. Each argumentation had a basis in the historic data. They perhaps forgot, that a history incident was resulted in by good individual actions specially, by chance or typically. [2]
If being investigated, the look method like this was indeed not free from the influence of the philosophical view certain. The historic study that was used to predict the future became the typical characteristics mazhab Germany. This view spread to various parts of the world and has become the truth conviction for
The example that was extreme towards the concept of the action, the aim and the method, could be paid close attention to from the newest report from the expert Primatology, Jill Pruetz. Pruetz researched for four years against the life of the Fongoli chimpanzee in Africa. The Fruetz discovery indeed made “merinding” some anthropology experts.
Because therefore, then could be said that, apart from humankind, evidently the Fongoli chimpanzee group for a long time had “budaya” special. In the Fruetz findings, the chimpanzee used the stick (a wood that were used by means of the javelin) to stab Bush baby. [4]
In spreading his discovery, Pruetz indeed found carelessness from the expert of the colleague's primatology. But not the case like this has been normal in the scientific discovery.
The New challenge In liberating the Individual
Was contrary towards the assumption universalianisme, that the forthcoming conflict was the conflict between collective unity that one towards other collective unity. But what happened in our everyday life was the actual conflict happened between the individual to various collective concepts that penetrated in himself.
In other words, various forms of the dogma, the doctrine, the conviction, and even the raging cult in fact the root of various social problems. Therefore, the collective concepts in fact not representative from the real goal the individual in a collective. This concept simply was the construction of the good authority the ideological authority and the authority of the intellectual.
Really very ironic, in fact sad, if in modern that was it was considered independent, still was gotten by individuals that really believed that by carrying out the violence and the murder on behalf of the conviction made him become the holy noose and feel himself struggled on the truth. That he was the representative from the defence counsel was by chance absolute certain. By believing in this matter, the life of the individual lian will not have the meaning if compared with the interests of collective unitary idealism that became his conviction. Most of our communities indeed still were living on the cult and the dogma.
The only road to take off all that was through the liberation program. Meaning that, for the intellectuals, the task in fact was to formulate the point of view that more far concerning individual independence.
The struggle to defend the freedom of the individual, the abandonment, the free market and minimised all the forms of the government interference was the point of view actually from the free intellectual. [5]
Although the liberation teaching has for a long time emerged, but very few that could carry out or spread with the point of view that